Most Recent CWNP CWNA-109 Exam Dumps

TWT is the feature of 802.11ax (HE) that is managed with beacon and trigger frames and is primarily a power management method, but also provides more efficient access to the channel used within a BSS. TWT stands for target wake time, which is a mechanism that allows an access point and a client device to negotiate and schedule specific times for data transmission and reception. This enables the client device to enter a low-power sleep mode when it is not expected to communicate with the access point, which saves battery life and reduces power consumption. TWT also reduces contention and interference on the channel used within a BSS, as it coordinates the transmissions of multiple client devices and avoids collisions. TWT is managed with beacon and trigger frames, which are two types of management frames that are used to announce and initiate data exchanges. A beacon frame is a frame that is periodically sent by an access point to advertise its presence, capabilities, and parameters to client devices. A trigger frame is a frame that is sent by an access point or a client device to request or initiate a data transmission with another device. BSS color, UL-MU-MIMO, and OFDMA are other features of 802.11ax (HE) that are not primarily power management methods, but rather performance enhancement methods. BSS color is a feature that assigns a color code to each BSS to differentiate it from other BSSs that use the same channel. This reduces interference and improves spatial reuse of the channel. UL-MU-MIMO is a feature that allows an access point to receive multiple simultaneous transmissions from different client devices using multiple spatial streams. This increases capacity and throughput of the uplink direction. OFDMA is a feature that divides a channel into smaller subchannels called resource units (RUs) that can be allocated to different devices for concurrent transmissions. This increases efficiency and flexibility of the channel utilization.Reference:CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 10: Wireless LAN Operation, page 323

What is always required to establish a high quality 2.4 GHz RF link at a distance of 3 miles (5 kilometers) isa Fresnel Zone that is at least 60% clear of obstructions. The Fresnel Zone is an elliptical-shaped area around the line-of-sight path between two antennas that reflects and refracts the RF waves. The Fresnel Zone radius depends on the frequency of the RF signal and the distance between the antennas. For optimal performance, the Fresnel Zone should be at least 60% clear of any obstructions that may cause interference, attenuation, or multipath fading. The minimum output power level, antenna gain, and antenna type may vary depending on the environmental conditions and regulatory constraints, but they are not always required for a high quality RF link.Reference:[CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-109], page 75; [CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-109], page 65.

The least expensive solution available for increasing throughput for these users without implementing configuration options that are not recommended is touse a 40 MHz channel on the 5 GHz radio. This solution can double the channel bandwidth and increase the data rates for the 5 GHz capable 802.11ac clients. Using a 40 MHz channel on the 5 GHz radio is also less likely to cause co-channel interference or overlap with other channels than using a 40 MHz channel on the 2.4 GHz radio, which has only three non-overlapping channels. Using a 160 MHz channel on the 5 GHz radio may provide even higher throughput, but it may also consume too much of the available spectrum and cause more interference with other devices or networks. Installing a second AP in the coverage area may also improve the throughput, but it may require additional costs and configuration.Reference:[CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-109], page 216; [CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-109], page 206.

The IEEE 802.11ax standard, also known as High-Efficiency Wireless (HEW) or simply HE, includes support for operation across multiple frequency bands: 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and, with the appropriate regulatory approvals, the 6 GHz band. This makes option D the correct answer. Here's how it compares to the other options:

HE (802.11ax): Introduced as an enhancement over previous standards, 802.11ax is designed to improve efficiency, especially in dense environments. It supports operation in the 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz bands (the latter pending regulatory approval in various regions), making it highly versatile and future-proof.

VHT (802.11ac): Very High Throughput, or 802.11ac, operates exclusively in the 5 GHz band. It introduced significant speed improvements over its predecessor (802.11n) but does not support the 2.4 GHz or 6 GHz bands.

HT (802.11n): High Throughput, or 802.11n, supports operation in both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands. However, it does not include support for the 6 GHz band.

HR/DSSS (802.11b): High-Rate Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum, or 802.11b, operates only in the 2.4 GHz band. It was one of the early Wi-Fi standards and does not support 5 GHz or 6 GHz bands.

Given these distinctions, only 802.11ax (option D) supports operation across all three mentioned bands, aligning with the requirements stated in the question.

IEEE 802.11ax-2021: High-Efficiency Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications.

Understanding the 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) standard and its implications for modern wireless networking.

The BSSID (Basic Service Set Identifier) is typically mapped to an AP's MAC address if a single BSS is implemented. The BSSID is a unique identifier that distinguishes one BSS from another within the same RF medium. It is usually derived from the MAC address of the AP's radio interface, but it can also be manually configured or randomly generated by some vendors. The BSSID is used by client stations to associate with an AP and to send and receive frames within a BSS.Reference:, Chapter 1, page 24; , Section 1.2