Eccouncil ICS-SCADA Exam Actual Questions

Nmap scripts, which are used to enhance the functionality of Nmap for performing network discovery, security auditing, and other tasks, have the extension .nse. This stands for Nmap Scripting Engine, which allows users to write scripts to automate a wide variety of networking tasks. Reference:

Nmap Network Scanning by Gordon Lyon (also known as Fyodor Vaskovich), detailing the use and examples of Nmap scripts.

Within IPsec, the SPI (Security Parameter Index) is a critical component that uniquely identifies a Security Association (SA) for the IPsec session. The SPI is used in the IPsec headers to help the receiving party determine which SA has been agreed upon for processing the incoming packets. This identification is crucial for the proper operation and management of security policies applied to the encrypted data flows. Reference:

RFC 4301, 'Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol,' which discusses the structure and use of the SPI in IPsec communications.

The protocol number 6 represents TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) in the Internet Protocol suite. TCP is a core protocol of the Internet Protocol suite and operates at the transport layer, providing reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of bytes between applications running on hosts communicating via an IP network. Reference:

RFC 793, 'Transmission Control Protocol,' which specifies the detailed operation of TCP.

Industrial Control Systems (ICS) and SCADA networks typically operate in environments where the available bandwidth is limited. They are often characterized by:

Low processing threshold: ICS/SCADA devices generally have limited processing capabilities due to their specialized and often legacy nature.

Legacy systems: Many ICS/SCADA systems include older technology that might not support newer security protocols or high-speed data transfer.

Weak network stack: These systems may have incomplete or less robust network stacks that can be susceptible to specific types of network attacks.

High bandwidth networks are not typical of ICS/SCADA environments, as these systems do not usually require or support high-speed data transmission due to their operational requirements and the older technology often used in such environments.

Reference

'Navigating the Challenges of Industrial Control Systems,' by ISA-99 Industrial Automation and Control Systems Security.

'Cybersecurity for Industrial Control Systems,' by the Department of Homeland Security.

The Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) uses several metrics to assess the severity of vulnerabilities. Among them, the Temporal metric group specifically reflects the exploit quotient of a vulnerability.

Temporal metrics consider factors that change over time after a vulnerability is initially assessed. These include:

Exploit Code Maturity: This assesses the likelihood of the vulnerability being exploited based on the availability and maturity of exploit code.

Remediation Level: The level of remediation available for the vulnerability, which influences the ease of mitigation.

Report Confidence: This metric measures the reliability of the reports about the vulnerability.

These temporal factors directly affect the exploitability and potential threat posed by a vulnerability, adjusting the base score to provide a more current view of the risk.

Reference

Common Vulnerability Scoring System v3.1: User Guide.

'Understanding CVSS,' by FIRST (Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams).