Most Recent LPI 102-500 Exam Questions & Answers

The -type option of the find command allows you to specify the type of file you want to search for. The argument l (lowercase L) will match files that are symbolic links, which are special files that point to another file or directory. Symbolic links are also known as soft links or symlinks. For example, the commandfind /home -type lwill find all the symbolic links in the /home directory and its subdirectories.

The /etc/passwd file stores local accounts of the system. It is a readable text file and uses colons (:) to separate the fields. This file helps with converting user IDs to names (and back). It is fine that all users can read this file, but they should not be able to change fields. Therefore, the most correct permissions for /etc/passwd are -rw-r--r--, which means that only the owner (root) can write to the file, and everyone can read it. The /etc/shadow file contains information about the system's users' passwords. It is owned by user root and group shadow, and has 640 permissions. The password is stored as a long string of characters, which is a combination of the hashing algorithm, optional salt applied, and the hashed password itself. Other users are not allowed to read the file directly, to prevent them from gathering hashed passwords of others. Therefore, the most correct permissions for /etc/shadow are -r--------, which means that only the owner (root) can read the file, and no one else can read or write to it.Reference:

The route command displays the kernel's routing table, which contains information about how packets are routed to different destinations. By default, route tries to resolve the IP addresses of the routers and destinations to their hostnames using DNS. If DNS is not working properly, this can cause a delay in displaying the routing table as route waits for the DNS queries to time out. To avoid this, route can be used with the -n option, which prevents DNS lookups and displays only numeric addresses.Reference:

LPI 102-500 Exam Objectives, Topic 109: Network Fundamentals, 109.3 Basic network troubleshooting

LPI 102-500 Study Guide, Chapter 9: Network Troubleshooting, Section 9.2: Troubleshooting Routing Problems

The top directory containing the configuration files for the CUPS printing system is /etc/cups. This directory stores various files that control the behavior and functionality of the CUPS scheduler, cupsd (8), such as cups-files.conf (5), cupsd.conf (5), mime.convs (5), mime.types (5), printers.conf (5), and subscriptions.conf (5).The /etc/cups directory also contains subdirectories for classes, interfaces, ppd, and ssl, which store information about printer classes, device interfaces, printer drivers, and encryption certificates, respectively12.The /etc/cups directory is part of the LPI's multi-level Linux professional certification program, and it is covered in the topic 105.5 Print service of the exam 102 objectives3.Reference:1:cups-files (5) - Linux Manuals2:cupsd.conf - server configuration file for cups3:Exam 102 Objectives

The ulimit command can be used to limit the amount of memory a user may use. The ulimit command is a shell builtin that allows the user to view or modify the resource limits imposed by the operating system. The resource limits can affect the maximum size of files, the maximum number of processes, the maximum amount of CPU time, and the maximum amount of virtual memory a user can access.

To limit the amount of memory a user may use, the -v option can be used with the ulimit command. The -v option sets the maximum amount of virtual memory available to the current shell and its children in kilobytes. For example, the command ulimit -v 1000000 would limit the virtual memory to 1 GB. The -m option can also be used to set the maximum resident set size, which is the amount of physical memory used by a process, but this option is not supported by all systems.

The ulimit command can be used interactively in a shell session, or it can be placed in a shell initialization file, such as .bashrc or .profile, to apply the limits to all future shell sessions. The ulimit command can also be used in conjunction with the /etc/security/limits.conf file, which allows the system administrator to set global or per-user resource limits for all users and processes. The /etc/security/limits.conf file can specify hard and soft limits for each resource, as well as the scope of the limit, such as user, group, or domain.

The other commands listed are not related to limiting the amount of memory a user may use. The umask command sets the default file permissions for newly created files and directories. The usermod command modifies the user account information, such as the home directory, the login shell, or the password expiration date. The passwd command changes the user password. The chage command changes the password aging information, such as the minimum and maximum number of days between password changes, or the number of days before the password expires.Reference:

ulimit(1) - Linux manual page

How to limit user environment with ulimit Linux command

Control server access using hosts.allow and hosts.deny files