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The initial supportive measure for parents who have just received a diagnosis of cerebral palsy for their child should be direct counseling. This involves providing clear, compassionate, and thorough information about the diagnosis, addressing their immediate concerns, and helping them understand what cerebral palsy means for their child's future. This step is crucial to help reduce their anxiety and tension. Encouraging reading, support groups, and home adjustments are important but secondary steps after initial counseling.

Opioid Use for Chronic Pain:

Opioids are often prescribed for severe, persistent pain conditions where other treatments have failed or are inappropriate.

Conditions Requiring Long-term Opioids:

Muscular Atrophy and Phantom Limb Pain: Can be managed with other medications and therapies.

Progressive Cancer: Often involves severe pain, making long-term opioid use necessary to manage pain and improve quality of life.

Migraine Headache: Typically treated with specific migraine medications and not long-term opioids.

American Cancer Society on Pain Management

World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on Cancer Pain Relief

When a child with autism is hospitalized, it is essential to maintain consistency and continuity in their care. Reviewing the child's therapy plan from the rehabilitation center ensures that the hospital staff can continue to address the child's speech and social needs in a manner that aligns with his established routines and therapy goals. Modifying daily routines or developing a new care plan without prior review may cause unnecessary stress or disruption. Referring the child to in-hospital therapy departments can be beneficial, but it should be done in conjunction with the existing plan to ensure continuity and effectiveness.

Agnosia is the term used to describe a condition where a person is unable to recognize familiar objects, even though their sensory modalities (like vision or hearing) are intact. This can occur after a cerebrovascular accident (stroke) if the part of the brain responsible for processing sensory information is damaged. Apraxia refers to the inability to perform purposeful movements or tasks despite having the desire and physical ability to do so. Aphasia is a condition characterized by the inability to understand or express speech. Anopsia refers to a defect in the visual field.

Implementation Phase in Vaccination Campaign:

During the implementation phase, the focus is on executing the vaccination plan, ensuring coverage, and monitoring progress.

Role of the Nurse:

Identifying Population at-risk: Typically part of the planning phase.

Setting Outreach Strategies: Also part of planning to ensure all populations are covered.

Reporting Vaccination Rates: This is part of the evaluation phase.

Monitoring Vaccination Rate and Surveillance: Involves actively overseeing the ongoing vaccination activities, ensuring proper documentation, and surveillance for adverse events or outbreaks, making it the correct answer.

World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on Immunization

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on Vaccine Implementation